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Showing posts with label Paul Graham. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Paul Graham. Show all posts

Saturday, February 14, 2026

Paul Graham's Advice To Tech Startups: The Golden Nuggets

Paul Graham: Essays

Paul Graham and the Startup Gospel: Make Something People Want

In the mythology of Silicon Valley, founders are often portrayed as visionaries struck by lightning-bolt ideas. Paul Graham prefers a less romantic image: startups are not acts of divine inspiration but stubborn acts of iteration. They are companies designed to grow fast. Everything else—venture capital, acquisitions, headlines—is downstream of that single property: growth.

As co-founder of Y Combinator, Graham has advised thousands of startups. Before that, he co-founded Viaweb, one of the earliest web-based applications, later acquired by Yahoo in 1998. From these experiences came a body of essays that read like a field manual for founders operating in uncertainty.

His advice is deceptively simple, occasionally counterintuitive, and relentlessly practical. Strip it down and it becomes a mantra:

Make something users want. Grow fast. Don’t die.

But within that simplicity lies a framework for ambition, resilience, and strategic clarity.


1. Before You Start: Preparation Is Indirect

Graham discourages aspiring founders from “trying to think of startup ideas.” The best preparation is not ideation sessions—it’s depth.

Work deeply in a field that genuinely interests you. Learn its textures. Build things for yourself. Scratch your own itch. Startups often emerge from side projects or personal frustrations, not brainstorming whiteboards.

The Paradox of Readiness

You can’t fully know if you’re suited for startups until you try. Yet you probably shouldn’t start too early.

Graham has advised many students to delay founding until after college—not to avoid risk, but to expand optionality. Breadth increases surface area for luck. Travel. Build unusual projects. Develop taste. Accumulate intellectual “raw material.” Serendipity rewards prepared minds.

He also warns against “playing house.” Founders often simulate success before earning it:

  • Raising money before product-market fit

  • Renting fancy offices

  • Hiring prematurely

These are props. Startups are not about optics. They are about survival and acceleration.

And make no mistake: startups are all-consuming. They are not hobbies. They are multi-year commitments with asymmetric outcomes. Enter with eyes open.


2. Startup Ideas: Don’t Invent—Notice

One of Graham’s most influential essays, How to Get Startup Ideas, argues that good ideas are discovered, not fabricated.

The best startup ideas share three properties:

  1. The founders want it.

  2. They can build it.

  3. Few others realize it’s valuable—yet.

These ideas often start small and intense. Not a wide, shallow lake—but a deep well serving a small group desperately.

Consider how Facebook began at Harvard. It wasn’t “connect the world.” It was “connect this campus.” Density first. Expansion later.

Avoid Sitcom Ideas

“Made-up” ideas sound plausible in conversation but lack urgency. If no one feels pain without your solution, growth will stall.

Competition is rarely fatal. What kills startups is indifference.

Schlep Blindness

Graham coined “schlep blindness” to describe our tendency to ignore messy, tedious problems—even when they’re valuable.

  • Payments were messy before Stripe.

  • Selling air mattresses to strangers required in-person hustle for Airbnb.

The unattractive problems are often the gold mines.

If something feels annoying but obviously necessary, you may be looking at opportunity.


3. Co-Founders: The Most Important Decision

If startups are high-stakes journeys, co-founders are your expedition partners. Choose wrong, and the mission collapses.

Graham has said startup success is usually a function of the founders.

What does Y Combinator look for?

Ranked roughly by importance:

  • Determination – Obstacles are endless. Persistence is oxygen.

  • Flexibility – The initial idea will evolve.

  • Imagination – Seeing what others overlook.

  • Naughtiness – A piratical streak; rule-bending intelligence.

  • Friendship – Genuine respect and trust among founders.

Prefer small teams (2–4 founders) with strong technical depth. Business skills can be acquired. Deep technical fluency is harder to fake.

When hiring, Graham suggests a vivid test:
Can you describe this person as an animal? Obsessive, relentless, predatory about their craft?

You want builders who ship.


4. Building and Launching: Version 1 Is a Probe

Most startups fail for one reason: they don’t make something users want.

Everything else—funding issues, competition, timing—often traces back to that core failure.

Launch Fast

Version 1 isn’t your masterpiece. It’s your probe into reality.

Launch to engage users. Watch them. Talk to them. Learn what they actually do—not what they say.

Graham emphasizes depth of understanding:

  • Solve a narrow problem extremely well.

  • Start with a specific user in mind.

  • Make a few users love you.

Better 100 fanatics than 10,000 lukewarm users.

Usability improvements that seem small—10% better onboarding, slightly clearer messaging—can dramatically increase growth. Product design is leverage.


5. Growth: The Only True North

In Startup = Growth, Graham defines startups by their growth rate.

If you’re not growing, you’re not a startup—just a small business.

Strong early benchmarks:

  • 5–7% weekly growth in users or revenue.

  • Measure ratios, not absolute numbers.

Growth is a compass. If something increases growth, consider it. If it doesn’t, question it.

Do Things That Don’t Scale

This is among Graham’s most quoted principles.

Early on:

  • Manually recruit users.

  • Provide astonishing customer service.

  • Hand-hold customers.

  • Do unscalable work.

This does two things:

  1. Ignites compound growth.

  2. Reveals what to automate.

Airbnb’s founders photographed listings themselves. That hustle became insight. Insight became product improvements. Improvements became growth.

Start narrow. Achieve density. Expand outward.

Startups follow an S-curve:

  • Confusing early struggle

  • Rapid compounding growth

  • Eventual market saturation

Your job is to reach the steep part of the curve.


6. Money: Fuel, Not the Goal

Raising money is not success. It is oxygen.

Raise money when it accelerates growth—but spend as little as possible.

Frugality does three things:

  • Extends runway.

  • Forces clarity.

  • Preserves optionality.

Graham advocates becoming “ramen profitable”—earning enough to cover founders’ living costs. This shifts psychological leverage. Investors sense confidence. Founders feel momentum.

Culture matters. Early teams should live like grad students. Apartments, not offices. Small teams, not bloated org charts.

Deals fall through. Always.

Never anchor morale to fundraising.


7. The 18 Startup Killers

Graham cataloged common failure modes. Nearly all collapse into two meta-failures:

  1. Not making something users want.

  2. Running out of money.

Specific traps include:

  • Single founder

  • Founder conflicts

  • Marginal niche

  • Derivative idea

  • Refusal to pivot

  • Hiring weak engineers

  • Wrong platform

  • Launching too slowly

  • Launching without a useful core

  • No clear user

  • Raising too little (or too much)

  • Overspending

  • Sacrificing users for short-term profit

  • Avoiding hands-on sales

  • Half-hearted commitment

Startups die by accumulation of small mistakes, not one dramatic blow.


8. Thirteen Sentences to Remember

Graham once condensed his philosophy into thirteen lines:

  • Pick good cofounders.

  • Launch fast.

  • Let your idea evolve.

  • Understand your users.

  • Make a few love you.

  • Offer great customer service.

  • Measure what matters.

  • Spend little.

  • Get ramen profitable.

  • Avoid distractions.

  • Don’t get demoralized.

  • Don’t give up.

  • Deals fall through.

It reads like a survival checklist.

Because that’s what it is.


9. Founder Mode: Staying Dangerous at Scale

As companies grow, conventional advice pushes founders into “Manager Mode”:

  • Delegate through org charts.

  • Avoid micromanagement.

  • Rely on layers.

Graham argues this often breaks companies.

In “Founder Mode,” founders remain deeply engaged:

  • Skip-level meetings.

  • Direct conversations with frontline builders.

  • Retreats with key contributors—not just executives.

  • Clear autonomy boundaries.

Brian Chesky revitalized Airbnb by rejecting traditional managerial orthodoxy and reasserting founder-level product involvement, inspired partly by Steve Jobs.

Founder Mode is more work. But it preserves the founder’s irreplaceable advantage: vision fused with taste.


10. Superlinear Returns and Ambition

In later essays, Graham zooms out.

Modern wealth often comes from superlinear returns—outcomes that compound exponentially rather than linearly.

Startups are superlinear machines:

  • Small improvements in growth rates produce massive long-term differences.

  • Early learning compounds.

  • Market dominance in expanding markets creates outsized rewards.

This is why ambition matters. Not ego—but scale.

If you’re young, take risks. Choose fields with threshold effects and winner-take-most dynamics. Build in expanding markets.

The world rewards growth.


The Deeper Lesson: Self-Honesty

Beneath tactics lies a moral stance: don’t fool yourself.

Founders often:

  • Overestimate traction.

  • Mistake fundraising for validation.

  • Ignore user indifference.

  • Blame external factors.

Graham’s essays cut through illusion.

The hard part of startups isn’t genius. It’s emotional resilience.

Can you:

  • Persist through demoralization?

  • Adapt without ego?

  • Confront reality quickly?

  • Continue after deals collapse?

Technical brilliance is common. Endurance is rare.


Final Takeaway

Paul Graham’s philosophy is optimistic—but not naive.

More people could succeed at startups than realize. But success demands:

  • Obsession with users.

  • Ruthless frugality.

  • Rapid iteration.

  • Willingness to do humiliating, unscalable work.

  • Emotional stamina.

In the end, the formula compresses to a single principle:

Build something users love. Grow fast. Spend less than you make.

Everything else is commentary.

For deeper immersion, his essays—short, dense, and unusually clear—remain among the finest resources for anyone serious about building technology companies.

Because in the startup world, gravity favors those who compound.


पॉल ग्राहम और स्टार्टअप का सिद्धांत: कुछ ऐसा बनाओ जिसे लोग सचमुच चाहें

सिलिकॉन वैली की कहानियों में संस्थापकों को अक्सर ऐसे दूरदर्शी के रूप में दिखाया जाता है जिन पर अचानक कोई “महान विचार” उतर आता है। लेकिन Paul Graham इस रोमांटिक कल्पना को तोड़ते हैं। उनके अनुसार स्टार्टअप कोई दिव्य प्रेरणा का परिणाम नहीं, बल्कि लगातार प्रयोग, सुधार और जिद का परिणाम होता है।

स्टार्टअप वह कंपनी है जिसे तेज़ी से बढ़ने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया हो। बाकी सब—वेंचर कैपिटल, अधिग्रहण, सुर्खियाँ—इसी वृद्धि का परिणाम हैं।

Y Combinator के सह-संस्थापक के रूप में ग्राहम ने हज़ारों स्टार्टअप्स को मार्गदर्शन दिया है। इससे पहले उन्होंने Viaweb की सह-स्थापना की, जिसे बाद में Yahoo ने 1998 में अधिग्रहित किया। इन अनुभवों से निकले उनके निबंध आज स्टार्टअप जगत की “फील्ड मैनुअल” माने जाते हैं।

उनकी सलाह सरल है, पर गहरी:

कुछ ऐसा बनाओ जिसे लोग सच में चाहें। तेज़ी से बढ़ो। और मरने से बचो।


1. शुरुआत से पहले: तैयारी का सही अर्थ

ग्राहम कहते हैं कि स्टार्टअप आइडिया “सोचकर” नहीं मिलता—उसे खोजा जाता है।

  • जिस क्षेत्र में रुचि हो, उसमें गहराई से काम करो।

  • अपने लिए कुछ बनाओ।

  • अपनी समस्या हल करो।

अच्छे स्टार्टअप अक्सर साइड प्रोजेक्ट्स या व्यक्तिगत निराशा से जन्म लेते हैं।

सही समय कब है?

वे सलाह देते हैं कि कॉलेज के तुरंत बाद स्टार्टअप शुरू करने के बजाय पहले अनुभव जुटाओ—यात्रा करो, अलग-अलग प्रोजेक्ट्स करो, विविध लोगों से मिलो। इससे “भाग्य” मिलने की संभावना बढ़ती है।

वे “playing house” मानसिकता से सावधान करते हैं:

  • बिना प्रोडक्ट-मार्केट फिट के फंडिंग जुटाना

  • महंगे ऑफिस लेना

  • जल्दी-जल्दी भर्ती करना

ये सब दिखावा है। असली काम है—उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए मूल्य बनाना।

स्टार्टअप कोई शौक नहीं, यह वर्षों की प्रतिबद्धता है।


2. अच्छे आइडिया कैसे मिलते हैं?

ग्राहम के अनुसार बेहतरीन आइडिया तीन गुणों वाले होते हैं:

  1. संस्थापक स्वयं उसे चाहते हों।

  2. वे उसे बना सकें।

  3. अभी कम लोग उसकी संभावित कीमत समझते हों।

अच्छे आइडिया छोटे और गहरे होते हैं—जैसे कुआँ, जो थोड़े लोगों की तीव्र ज़रूरत पूरी करता है।

उदाहरण के लिए, फेसबुक की शुरुआत पूरी दुनिया को जोड़ने से नहीं, बल्कि एक कॉलेज—हार्वर्ड—से हुई।

“Schlep Blindness” (मेहनत-अंधता)

लोग अक्सर कठिन और उबाऊ समस्याओं को नज़रअंदाज़ करते हैं, जबकि वही सोने की खान होती हैं।
भुगतान प्रणाली (Stripe से पहले) जटिल थी। Airbnb के शुरुआती दिनों में संस्थापक खुद फोटो खींचते थे।

जहाँ गंदगी है, वहीं अवसर छिपा है।


3. सह-संस्थापक: सबसे महत्वपूर्ण निर्णय

सही सह-संस्थापक चुनना लगभग जीवनसाथी चुनने जैसा है। गलत चयन स्टार्टअप खत्म कर सकता है।

Y Combinator किन गुणों को महत्व देता है?

  • दृढ़ संकल्प

  • लचीलापन

  • कल्पनाशक्ति

  • नियम तोड़ने की सकारात्मक प्रवृत्ति

  • मित्रता और आपसी विश्वास

छोटी टीम (2–4 लोग) बेहतर होती है, विशेषकर तकनीकी दक्षता के साथ।

भर्ती करते समय ग्राहम कहते हैं:
क्या आप उस व्यक्ति को “जानवर” कह सकते हैं—अपने काम के प्रति जुनूनी, अडिग, अथक?


4. प्रोडक्ट बनाना और लॉन्च करना

अधिकांश स्टार्टअप इसलिए असफल होते हैं क्योंकि वे ऐसा कुछ नहीं बनाते जिसे लोग चाहते हों।

जल्दी लॉन्च करो

पहला संस्करण पूर्णता नहीं, प्रयोग है।
उपयोगकर्ताओं से बात करो।
उनके व्यवहार को देखो।

कुछ उपयोगकर्ताओं को बेहद खुश करना, बहुतों को औसत संतुष्टि देने से बेहतर है।

डिज़ाइन में छोटे सुधार भी बड़े परिणाम ला सकते हैं।


5. वृद्धि (Growth): असली कम्पास

ग्राहम के अनुसार, स्टार्टअप की परिभाषा ही वृद्धि है।

यदि आप बढ़ नहीं रहे, तो आप स्टार्टअप नहीं हैं।

  • 5–7% साप्ताहिक वृद्धि मजबूत मानी जाती है।

  • मापो—जो मापोगे वही सुधरेगा।

“Do Things That Don’t Scale”

शुरुआत में:

  • उपयोगकर्ताओं को खुद जोड़ो

  • व्यक्तिगत ग्राहक सेवा दो

  • मैन्युअल काम करो

यही छोटे प्रयास भविष्य की बड़ी वृद्धि का बीज बनते हैं।

स्टार्टअप का ग्राफ S-curve जैसा होता है:

  • धीमी शुरुआत

  • तेज़ी से उछाल

  • फिर स्थिरता

लक्ष्य है उस तीव्र वृद्धि वाले हिस्से तक पहुँचना।


6. पैसा: साधन, लक्ष्य नहीं

फंडिंग सफलता नहीं, ईंधन है।

कम खर्च करो।
रनवे बढ़ाओ।
“Ramen profitable” बनो—इतनी कमाई कि संस्थापक अपना गुजारा कर सकें।

सादगी संस्कृति बनाओ।
सौदे टूटते हैं—हमेशा।

फंडिंग को भावनात्मक सहारा मत बनाओ।


7. स्टार्टअप को मारने वाली गलतियाँ

अधिकांश असफलताएँ दो कारणों से होती हैं:

  1. उपयोगकर्ता कुछ नहीं चाहते।

  2. पैसा खत्म हो जाता है।

अन्य सामान्य कारण:

  • एकल संस्थापक

  • संस्थापकों में झगड़े

  • बहुत छोटा बाज़ार

  • पिवट करने से इनकार

  • कमजोर इंजीनियर

  • गलत प्लेटफॉर्म

  • बहुत जल्दी या बहुत देर से लॉन्च


8. 13 वाक्यों में सार

  • अच्छे सह-संस्थापक चुनो

  • जल्दी लॉन्च करो

  • आइडिया बदलने दो

  • उपयोगकर्ताओं को समझो

  • कुछ को बेहद खुश करो

  • उत्कृष्ट ग्राहक सेवा दो

  • खर्च कम रखो

  • Ramen profitable बनो

  • ध्यान भटकने से बचो

  • हतोत्साहित मत हो

  • हार मत मानो

  • सौदे टूटते हैं

यह जीवित रहने का मंत्र है।


9. Founder Mode

जैसे-जैसे कंपनी बढ़ती है, संस्थापक को “मैनेजर मोड” अपनाने की सलाह दी जाती है।

लेकिन ग्राहम “Founder Mode” की वकालत करते हैं:

  • सीधे संवाद

  • उत्पाद में गहरी भागीदारी

  • स्पष्ट सीमाएँ

Brian Chesky ने Airbnb में संस्थापक-स्तरीय हस्तक्षेप से बड़ा बदलाव लाया, आंशिक रूप से Steve Jobs से प्रेरित होकर।

Founder Mode कठिन है, पर कंपनी की आत्मा बचाए रखता है।


10. सुपरलाइनियर रिटर्न्स

आज की दुनिया में धन अक्सर सुपरलाइनियर परिणामों से आता है—जहाँ वृद्धि चक्रवृद्धि होती है।

स्टार्टअप ऐसे इंजन हैं:

  • छोटी वृद्धि दरें लंबे समय में विशाल अंतर बनाती हैं।

  • सीखना भी चक्रवृद्धि होता है।

युवावस्था में जोखिम लो।
तेज़ी से बढ़ते बाज़ार चुनो।


अंतिम संदेश

ग्राहम का दृष्टिकोण आशावादी है, पर यथार्थवादी भी।

सफलता के लिए चाहिए:

  • उपयोगकर्ता-आसक्ति

  • सादगी

  • तेज़ प्रयोग

  • अनस्केलेबल काम करने की तैयारी

  • मानसिक दृढ़ता

अंततः सूत्र यही है:

कुछ ऐसा बनाओ जिसे लोग प्यार करें। तेज़ी से बढ़ो। और जितना कमाओ उससे कम खर्च करो।

बाकी सब व्याख्या है।



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The Plateau of Plenty: Why VCs Are the Seers of Our Time
Why OpenAI Has Failed Compared to Early Google
The Slow Descent of Apple: Missing the AI Wave Like Microsoft Missed Mobile
Beyond Full Self-Driving: The Smarter, Faster Path to Safer Transit


YC Is the New IBM — And That’s the Problem

Y Combinator is one of the most iconic institutions in the startup world. It has funded over 4,000 startups, including legendary names like Airbnb, Stripe, and Dropbox. It redefined what early-stage acceleration could mean. It made demo day a cultural event. It scaled.

But here’s the uncomfortable truth: Y Combinator never grew up. Yes, it scaled like a factory—like you used to make five ceramic cups and now you produce 50. But scale isn’t evolution. And YC hasn’t evolved for the era we’re in. It was designed for 2005, and it’s still running the same playbook in 2025.

Can the next OpenAI be born inside YC? The answer is clear: No. And here's why that matters.


The Myth of Scalability as Innovation

Y Combinator perfected the pipeline of churning out “fundable” startups, often with minimal innovation risk. You don’t go to YC to build a moonshot—you go to YC to get a bridge round and validation. The model optimizes for safe bets, not world-changing bets.

That’s why the biggest tech bets of the last decade didn’t come from YC:

  • OpenAI? Born out of an elite coalition of thinkers and capitalists, not a YC batch.

  • NVIDIA’s AI bet? Vision from within a hardware company with deep technical roots.

  • DeepMind? U.K.-based and far more academically anchored than YC-style hustle.

  • SpaceX? Elon didn't start it with $125k and a pitch deck.

YC didn’t—and perhaps couldn’t—incubate these.


The Platform Problem: YC Is Craigslist

YC today is like Craigslist. Once, it was everything—jobs, housing, gigs. But then a thousand verticals unbundled it: Airbnb took housing, LinkedIn took jobs, Uber took rides, and so on.

YC is waiting to be unbundled in the same way.

It is a generalist factory in a world now defined by the intersections of specialized, emerging technologies—AI + biotech, crypto + supply chain, robotics + mental health. These aren’t demo-day darlings. These are decade-long labs. These are fund-and-build platforms. They require long-term, infrastructure-level thinking.


The Old Playbook Can’t Win New Games

YC was built for Web 2.0. It flourished when minimal viable products and agile iterations could quickly lead to market traction. But the new wave of innovation doesn’t move in 3-month cycles. We’re entering a world of:

  • Pre-trained models that cost tens of millions

  • Deep tech that requires regulation-savvy founders

  • Climate tech with long feedback loops

  • Decentralized protocols with complex incentive engineering

What these ventures need is not YC’s playbook. They need patient capital, deep integration with research institutions, infrastructure support, cross-disciplinary expertise, and a new breed of founder networks.


YC Is IBM. Where’s the Next Apple?

In many ways, YC is IBM now—respected, still powerful, but stagnant. You know what that makes the opportunity? We need 100 new post-YCs. Each one laser-focused on a vertical. Each one optimized for depth, not breadth. Just like Airbnb pulled one vertical out of Craigslist and ran with it, the accelerators of the next decade will do the same with YC.

We’ll see:

  • An OpenAI-style research-to-commercialization lab for AGI

  • A biotech founder accelerator with embedded labs and FDA navigation

  • A climate moonshot studio building infrastructure, not MVPs

  • A sovereign-technology accelerator for deep geopolitical alignment

Each of these would make YC look like a hobby club for hustlers with slide decks.


Point Be Noted

Let’s not confuse ubiquity with relevance. YC’s continued dominance in the startup discourse is a legacy effect. Its true limitations are masked by volume. But volume is not vision. And in the AI era, in the climate era, in the post-scarcity, post-crypto, post-Web2 world, we need vision.

The most important companies of the next 20 years won’t come out of YC.

They will be born elsewhere—on new platforms, with new rules, under new accelerators that know how to build for complexity, capital intensity, and global impact.

YC lit the flame.

But it's time for a new fire.

Paul Graham's Favorite History Books
Paul Graham: The Shape of the Essay Field
Elon Musk's Leadership Mistakes At Tesla
Paul Graham’s Timeless Advice for Tech Startups: A Masterclass in Building the Future

Liquid Computing: The Future of Human-Tech Symbiosis
Velocity Money: Crypto, Karma, and the End of Traditional Economics
The Next Decade of Biotech: Convergence, Innovation, and Transformation
Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation

Paul Graham, Brad Feld, Me, BBC (2010)
United States to woo entrepreneurs with new visa law

100 Emergent Technologies Of The Recent Decades And Their Intersections
Skip the Landline: Why Perplexity AI Must Leap Boldly Into the Future
Prompts Are Thoughts
The Five Year Window: A Smarter Lens for Navigating the Future
Government Tech: The Next Great Leap in Nation-Building (GovTech)
Is Tesla Really a $25 Trillion Company Because of Optimus? A Deep Dive into Elon's Claim
AI-Era Social Network: The Facebook Killer That Looks Nothing Like Facebook
Why Thinking Big Is the Safest Bet in the Age of AI and Exponential Technologies
10 Trends In ClimateTech
Solve Drinking Water
Deep Ocean, Surface Of Mars: Colonization Prospects
Why Is Crypto Regulation Hard?
The Collision of Emerging Technologies: Where the Future of Tech Ignites
Unicorns, Elephants, And Plentiful Trillion Dollar Companies
The Physics: Bigger Rockets Are Harder To "Get Right"
Solugen: The Tesla of Chemicals—Why Isn’t It a Household Name Yet?
Software Ate the World. Now AI Is Eating Software.
Google vs. Google: The AI Disruption and the Innovator’s Dilemma

 

Y Combinator (YC) holds a 7% equity stake in each of its ~5,000 portfolio companies via its standard deal (ycombinator.com).

Industry estimates put the combined valuation of YC-backed startups at approximately:

Using those ranges:

  • At $600 billion total, YC’s 7% stake is worth:

    0.07×$600billion=$42billion0.07 \times \$600\,\text{billion} = \$42\,\text{billion}
  • At an upper estimate of $900 billion, YC’s stake would be:

    0.07×$900billion=$63billion0.07 \times \$900\,\text{billion} = \$63\,\text{billion}

📊 Summary

Assumed Portfolio Valuation YC’s Stake (7%) Estimated Worth
$600B 7% $42 billion
$900B 7% $63 billion

So, YC’s 7% equity across its ~5,000 companies is likely worth between $42 billion and $63 billion, depending on how you calculate “total portfolio value.”


Opinion: First Lady Melania and Pope Leo are right — it’s “unum” time Unum doesn’t erase conflict or pretend we all agree. It’s not utopia. It’s the hard, daily work of choosing coexistence over chaos ..... a time when America — and the world — feels dangerously divided. ....... Unum means Jewish and Muslim Americans grieving side-by-side. It means a First Lady who grew up Catholic in Slovenia invoking a motto that speaks across American synagogues, mosques and churches alike. It means a Pope who spent years in Latin America calling for peace — not as an abstract dream, but as an urgent task. .......... In moments like these, we face two temptations. One is despair: to give up, to believe the divisions are too deep. The other is rage: to blame, punish and retreat into our tribes. ......... Pope Leo XIV said it plainly: “Be bridgebuilders, peace seekers, and companions on the journey.” That’s not just a prayer. It’s a plan. ......... Because in a world driven by algorithms that divide and outrage that sells, choosing Unum is radical. It means staying at the table when you’d rather storm out. It means believing that pluralism — people of different faiths, races, beliefs and stories — can still build a shared life. ......... belonging isn’t partisan. It’s American. It always has been.

Thursday, June 05, 2025

Paul Graham's Favorite History Books



Medieval Technology and Social Change by Lynn White Jr.
This seminal work argues that technological innovations were central drivers of profound social transformations in medieval Europe. Lynn White Jr. explores three key areas—the stirrup, the heavy plough, and the watermill—demonstrating how each technology reshaped social structures, agricultural productivity, and economic organization. White challenges the notion of the Middle Ages as a technologically stagnant period, showing instead how new tools catalyzed changes in warfare, land use, and feudal hierarchies.


The Copernican Revolution by Thomas S. Kuhn
In this intellectual history classic, Thomas Kuhn traces the dramatic shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric worldview initiated by Copernicus. Kuhn places this scientific upheaval within a broader philosophical and cultural context, highlighting how it redefined humanity’s place in the universe. More than a history of astronomy, the book foreshadows Kuhn’s later ideas on paradigm shifts, illustrating how scientific revolutions disrupt entrenched worldviews and epistemologies.


Life in the English Country House by Mark Girouard
Mark Girouard offers a rich, architectural and social history of English country houses from the medieval period to the 20th century. He examines how changes in architecture reflected and shaped the lives of their inhabitants, particularly the aristocracy. Through floor plans, diaries, and illustrations, Girouard unpacks the interplay of status, privacy, service, and family dynamics within these grand estates, providing a vivid lens into Britain’s shifting class structures.


Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy by Michael Baxandall
This influential art history study reframes Renaissance painting as a product of its social and cultural environment. Baxandall examines how patrons’ expectations, religious practices, and contemporary values influenced the visual language of artists like Piero della Francesca. Emphasizing the "period eye," he shows that appreciating art requires understanding the cognitive and social context in which it was created—a groundbreaking shift in art historical methodology.


Anabasis by Xenophon
Anabasis recounts the harrowing journey of 10,000 Greek mercenaries who march into Persia under Cyrus the Younger and must fight their way home after his death. Written by Xenophon, one of the expedition’s leaders, the work is both a military chronicle and a meditation on leadership, survival, and Greek identity. With vivid descriptions of terrain, battles, and diplomacy, Anabasis is a foundational work in Western military literature and historical narrative.


The Quest for El Cid by Richard Fletcher
Richard Fletcher investigates the life and myth of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, placing him within the tumultuous context of 11th-century Spain. Drawing from Christian and Muslim sources, Fletcher portrays El Cid not merely as a national hero but as a complex mercenary navigating the political and religious fractures of medieval Iberia. The book challenges romanticized versions of the Cid, offering a nuanced view of frontier warfare, honor, and cultural interplay.


The World We Have Lost by Peter Laslett
Laslett’s social history challenges myths about pre-industrial life in England, emphasizing how different it was from modern assumptions. He uses demographic and archival data to reconstruct the structure of households, marriage patterns, and community life before the Industrial Revolution. The book reveals a world of small families, limited mobility, and tight-knit rural communities, complicating nostalgic notions of a “golden age” before modernization.




Tuesday, June 03, 2025

Paul Graham: The Shape of the Essay Field

The Shape of the Essay Field If you're writing for smart people about important things, you're writing for the young. ........ Whatever you say should also be at least somewhat novel to you, however old you are. It's not an essay otherwise, because an essay is something you write to figure something out. But whatever you figure out will presumably be more of a surprise to younger readers than it is to you. ......... There's a continuum of surprise. At one extreme, something you read can change your whole way of thinking. The Selfish Gene did this to me. It was like suddenly seeing the other interpretation of an ambiguous image: you can treat genes rather than organisms as the protagonists, and evolution becomes easier to understand when you do. .......... The impact of an essay is how much it changes readers' thinking multiplied by the importance of the topic. But it's hard to do well at both. It's hard to have big new ideas about important topics. So in practice there's a tradeoff: you can change readers' thinking a lot about moderately important things, or change it a little about very important ones. But with younger readers the tradeoff shifts. There's more room to change their thinking, so there's a bigger payoff for writing about important things. ......... I knew I wanted to write for smart people about important topics. I noticed empirically that I seemed to be writing for the young. But it took me years to understand that the latter was an automatic consequence of the former. In fact I only really figured it out as I was writing this essay. .......... I'm not trying to surprise readers of any particular age; I'm trying to surprise myself. ......... E. B. White could write an essay about how to boil potatoes that ended up being full of timeless wisdom. In which case, of course, it wouldn't really be about how to boil potatoes; that would just have been the starting point.

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

Paul Graham’s Timeless Advice for Tech Startups: A Masterclass in Building the Future

Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation

Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation


Paul Graham’s Timeless Advice for Tech Startups: A Masterclass in Building the Future

When it comes to tech startups, few voices are as respected — and reread — as Paul Graham’s. As a cofounder of Y Combinator and author of dozens of seminal essays, Graham has shaped how generations of founders think about startups. His advice is practical, deceptively simple, and deeply wise.

Here’s a distilled guide to Paul Graham’s best advice for building a successful tech startup:


1. Start With a Real Problem

"The very best startup ideas tend to have three things in common: they’re something the founders themselves want, that they themselves can build, and that few others realize are worth doing."

Don't chase trends. Find a real problem — ideally one you personally feel — and solve it. The best ideas come from founders solving problems they deeply understand, not from brainstorming sessions or market research alone.

2. Build Something People Want

"Make something people want."

This is the core of everything. A startup succeeds by creating real value for users. If users truly love what you’ve built, everything else — growth, revenue, buzz — follows. If they don’t, no clever marketing or fundraising will save you.

3. Start Small, Grow Fast

"It’s better to make a few people really happy than to make a lot of people semi-happy."

Start with a small group of users — even 10 or 100 — and obsess over making them love you. Dominating a small niche is the seed from which larger success grows.

4. Launch Early

"If you’re not embarrassed by the first version of your product, you’ve launched too late."

Don't over-perfect in secret. Get something out quickly, even if it's basic. Real feedback from real users is infinitely more valuable than speculation.

5. Do Things That Don’t Scale

"A lot of would-be founders believe that startups either take off or don't. Actually, startups take off because the founders make them take off."

Hand-hold users. Recruit them one by one. Deliver an exceptional experience manually if needed. Early scrappiness lays the foundation for later automation and scaling.

6. Be Relentlessly Resourceful

"What matters is not ideas, but the people who have them. Good people can fix bad ideas, but good ideas can’t save bad founders."

Founders succeed through resourcefulness, determination, and adaptability. Being able to figure things out and push through walls is more important than initial brilliance.

7. Find a Great Cofounder

"It's like getting married. Choose carefully."

Solo founders have a harder time. A great cofounder complements your skills, shares your vision, and sticks through hard times. The chemistry between cofounders often determines a startup’s fate.

8. Stay Focused

"Startups rarely die because of competition. They die because they get distracted."

Most startup death comes from losing focus: chasing too many ideas, pivoting aimlessly, or burning out. Ruthless prioritization is key.

9. Understand the Importance of Growth

"Startup = growth."

What defines a startup is not the type of product or the age of the company but the pursuit of rapid, exponential growth. Constantly measure and drive toward sustainable growth metrics.

10. Fundraising Is a Means, Not an End

"Raising money is not success."

Yes, venture capital can help. But building something users love is the real measure of success. Chasing investors instead of customers leads to hollow startups.

11. Default Alive or Default Dead?

"Are you on track to reach profitability before you run out of money?"

Always know whether you are on a trajectory to survive without new funding. Many startups die simply because they run out of money without clear paths to profitability.

12. Beware of Bad Advice and Conventional Wisdom

"Large organizations are very good at suppressing new ideas."

Startups thrive by questioning assumptions, moving fast, and staying unconventional. Herd mentality kills creativity.

13. Persistence Wins

"It's not about having an idea. It's about making it happen."

Many startups succeed simply because the founders refused to quit. Persistence through the “trough of sorrow” — the tough times when growth stagnates — is critical.


Final Thoughts

Paul Graham’s startup wisdom boils down to a few profound principles:

  • Solve real problems.

  • Start small and focus on delighting users.

  • Move fast and stay scrappy.

  • Stay alive at all costs.

Building a startup is a rollercoaster of uncertainty, excitement, and hard work. But armed with Graham’s timeless advice, founders can tilt the odds a little more in their favor — and maybe even change the world.


Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation

Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation

Beyond Motion: How Robots Will Redefine The Art Of Movement
ChatGPT For Business: A Workbook
Becoming an AI-First Organization
Quantum Computing: Applications And Implications
Challenges In AI Safety
AI-Era Social Network: Reimagined for Truth, Trust & Transformation

Monday, January 13, 2025

Paul Graham's Problem With Woke





The Origins Of Wokeness by Paul Graham .... you know, that Paul Graham The word "prig" ..... A self-righteously moralistic person who behaves as if superior to others. ......... In Victorian England it was Christian virtue. In Stalin's Russia it was orthodox Marxism-Leninism. For the woke, it's social justice. .......... why our prigs are priggish about these ideas, at this moment. And to answer that we have to ask when and where wokeness began. .......... Wokeness is a second, more aggressive wave of political correctness, which started in the late 1980s, died down in the late 1990s, and then returned with a vengeance in the early 2010s, finally peaking after the riots of 2020......... An aggressively performative focus on social justice. ........ And that's the real problem — the performativeness, not the social justice. ......... What happened in the humanities and social sciences in the 1980s? ........ The reason the student protests of the 1960s didn't lead to political correctness was precisely that — they were student movements. They didn't have any real power. The students may have been talking a lot about women's liberation and black power, but it was not what they were being taught in their classes. Not yet. ........ A 1960s radical who got a job as a physics professor could still attend protests, but his political beliefs wouldn't affect his work. Whereas research in sociology and modern literature can be made as political as you like. ......... When I started college in 1982 it was not yet a thing. Female students might object if someone said something they considered sexist, but no one was getting reported for it. It was still not a thing when I started grad school in 1986. It was definitely a thing in 1988 though, and by the early 1990s it seemed to pervade campus life. ............ the 1960s radicals got tenure. They became the Establishment they'd protested against two decades before. Now they were in a position not just to speak out about their ideas, but to enforce them. ........... It wasn't simply a grass-roots student movement. It was faculty members encouraging students to attack other faculty members. In that respect it was like the Cultural Revolution. ............ Imagine having to explain to a well-meaning visitor from another planet why using the phrase "people of color" is considered particularly enlightened, but saying "colored people" gets you fired. And why exactly one isn't supposed to use the word "negro" now, even though Martin Luther King used it constantly in his speeches. There are no underlying principles. You'd just have to give him a long list of rules to memorize. .............. their elaborateness made them an effective substitute for virtue. Whenever a society has a concept of heresy and orthodoxy, orthodoxy becomes a substitute for virtue. You can be the worst person in the world, but as long as you're orthodox you're better than everyone who isn't. This makes orthodoxy very attractive to bad people. ............. the result was a world in which good people who weren't up to date on current moral fashions were brought down by people whose characters would make you recoil in horror if you could see them. ............ Previous generations of prigs had been prigs mostly about religion and sex. But among the cultural elite these were the deadest of dead letters by the 1980s; if you were religious, or a virgin, this was something you tended to conceal rather than advertise. So the sort of people who enjoy being moral enforcers had become starved of things to enforce. A new set of rules was just what they'd been waiting for. .............. One thing I noticed at the time about the first phase of political correctness was that it was more popular with women than men. As many writers (perhaps most eloquently George Orwell) have observed, women seem more attracted than men to the idea of being moral enforcers. But there was another more specific reason women tended to be the enforcers of political correctness. There was at this time a great backlash against sexual harassment; the mid 1980s were the point when the definition of sexual harassment was expanded from explicit sexual advances to creating a "hostile environment." Within universities the classic form of accusation was for a (female) student to say that a professor made her "feel uncomfortable." But the vagueness of this accusation allowed the radius of forbidden behavior to expand to include talking about heterodox ideas. Those make people uncomfortable too. ............ Was it sexist to propose that Darwin's greater male variability hypothesis might explain some variation in human performance? Sexist enough to get Larry Summers pushed out as president of Harvard, apparently. ................. Humor is one of the most powerful weapons against priggishness of any sort, because prigs, being humorless, can't respond in kind. Humor was what defeated Victorian prudishness, and by 2000 it seemed to have done the same thing to political correctness............. And there had been an explosion in the number of university administrators, many of whose jobs involved enforcing various forms of political correctness. ........... In the first phase of political correctness there were really only three things people got accused of: sexism, racism, and homophobia (which at the time was a neologism invented for the purpose). But between then and 2010 a lot of people had spent a lot of time trying to invent new kinds of -isms and -phobias and seeing which could be made to stick. ............. My guess is that it was due to the rise of social media, particularly Tumblr and Twitter, because one of the most distinctive features of the second wave of political correctness was the cancel mob: a mob of angry people uniting on social media to get someone ostracized or fired. Indeed this second wave of political correctness was originally called "cancel culture"; it didn't start to be called "wokeness" till the 2020s. ............... One aspect of social media that surprised almost everyone at first was the popularity of outrage. Users seemed to like being outraged. We're so used to this idea now that we take it for granted, but really it's pretty strange. Being outraged is not a pleasant feeling. You wouldn't expect people to seek it out. But they do. ........... This tilt toward outrage wasn't due to wokeness. It's an inherent feature of social media, or at least this generation of it. But it did make social media the perfect mechanism for fanning the flames of wokeness. .......... Group chat apps were also critical, especially in the final step, cancellation. Imagine if a group of employees trying to get someone fired had to do it using only email. It would be hard to organize a mob. But

once you have group chat, mobs form naturally

. ............. When I grew up the papers of record seemed timeless, almost sacred institutions. Papers like the New York Times and Washington Post had immense prestige, partly because other sources of news were limited, but also because they did make some effort to be neutral. ............... Unfortunately it turned out that the paper of record was mostly an artifact of the constraints imposed by print. [8] When your market was determined by geography, you had to be neutral. But publishing online enabled — in fact probably forced — newspapers to switch to serving markets defined by ideology instead of geography. Most that remained in business fell in the direction they'd already been leaning: left. On October 11, 2020 the New York Times announced that "The paper is in the midst of an evolution from the stodgy paper of record into a juicy collection of great narratives." Meanwhile journalists, of a sort, had arisen to serve the right as well. And so journalism, which in the previous era had been one of the great centralizing forces, now became one of the great polarizing ones. ................... there arose a new variety of journalism involving a loop through social media. Someone would say something controversial on social media. Within hours it would become a news story. Outraged readers would then post links to the story on social media, driving further arguments online. It was the cheapest source of clicks imaginable. You didn't have to maintain overseas news bureaus or pay for month-long investigations. All you had to do was watch Twitter for controversial remarks and repost them on your site, with some additional comments to inflame readers further. ................. By 2010 a new class of administrators had arisen whose job was basically to enforce wokeness. They played a role similar to that of the political commissars who got attached to military and industrial organizations in the USSR: they weren't directly in the flow of the organization's work, but watched from the side to ensure that nothing improper happened in the doing of it. .............. This new class of bureaucrats pursued a woke agenda as if their jobs depended on it, because they did. If you hire people to keep watch for a particular type of problem, they're going to find it, because otherwise there's no justification for their existence. ............ the Black Lives Matter movement, which started in 2013 when a white man was acquitted after killing a black teenager in Florida. But this didn't launch wokeness; it was well underway by 2013. ............... the Me Too Movement, which took off in 2017 after the first news stories about Harvey Weinstein's history of raping women. It accelerated wokeness, but didn't play the same role in launching it that the 80s version did in launching political correctness. .............. The election of Donald Trump in 2016 also accelerated wokeness, particularly in the press, where outrage now meant traffic. Trump made the New York Times a lot of money: headlines during his first administration mentioned his name at about four times the rate of previous presidents. ...............

In 2020 we saw the biggest accelerant of all, after a white police officer asphyxiated a black suspect on video. At this point the metaphorical fire became a literal one, as violent protests broke out across America. But in retrospect this turned out to be peak woke, or close to it. By every measure I've seen, wokeness peaked in 2020 or 2021.

................ Wokeness is sometimes described as a mind-virus. ......... What's true of individuals is even more true of organizations. Especially organizations without a powerful leader. Such organizations do everything based on "best practices." There's no higher authority; if some new "best practice" achieves critical mass, they must adopt it. And in this case the organization can't do what it usually does when it's uncertain: delay. It might be committing improprieties right now! So it's surprisingly easy for a small group of zealots to capture this type of organization by describing new improprieties it might be guilty of. ............. How does this kind of cycle ever end? Eventually it leads to disaster, and people start to say enough is enough. The excesses of 2020 made a lot of people say that. ............ Corporate CEOs, starting with Brian Armstrong, have openly rejected it. Universities, led by the University of Chicago and MIT, have explicitly confirmed their commitment to free speech. Twitter, which was arguably the hub of wokeness, was bought by Elon Musk in order to neutralize it, and he seems to have succeeded ............. I'm not going to claim Trump's second victory in 2024 was a referendum on wokeness; I think he won, as presidential candidates always do, because he was more charismatic; but voters' disgust with wokeness must have helped. ................. And more importantly, how do we avoid a third outbreak? After all, it seemed to be dead once, but came back worse than ever. .......... Prigs are prigs by nature. They need rules to obey and enforce, and now that Darwin has cut off their traditional supply of rules, they're constantly hungry for new ones. All they need is someone to meet them halfway by defining a new way to be morally pure, and we'll see the same phenomenon again. ............. Wokeness is effectively a religion, just with God replaced by protected classes. It's not even the first religion of this kind; Marxism had a similar form, with God replaced by the masses. .......... And we already have well-established customs for dealing with religion within organizations. You can express your own religious identity and explain your beliefs, but you can't call your coworkers infidels if they disagree, or try to ban them from saying things that contradict its doctrines, or insist that the organization adopt yours as its official religion................. One shouldn't feel bad about not wanting to watch woke movies any more than one would feel bad about not wanting to listen to Christian rock. In my twenties I drove across America several times, listening to local radio stations. Occasionally I'd turn the dial and hear some new song. But the moment anyone mentioned Jesus I'd turn the dial again. Even the tiniest bit of being preached to was enough to make me lose interest. ............. I'm not a Christian, but I can see that many Christian principles are good ones. It would be a mistake to discard them all just because one didn't share the religion that espoused them. ............ Here we're up against human nature. There will always be prigs. And in particular there will always be the enforcers among them, the aggressively conventional-minded. These people are born that way. Every society has them. So the best we can do is to keep them bottled up. ........... Fortunately when the aggressively conventional-minded go on the rampage they always do one thing that gives them away: they define new heresies to punish people for. So the best way to protect ourselves from future outbreaks of things like wokeness is to have powerful antibodies against the concept of heresy. ........... The woke ideology's conspicuous lack of interest in the working class is the tell-tale sign. Such fragments as are, er, left of the old left are anti-woke, and meanwhile the actual working class shifted to the populist right and gave us Trump. Trump and wokeness are cousins. ................. The middle-class origins of wokeness smoothed its way through the institutions because it had no interest in "seizing the means of production" (how quaint such phrases seem now), which would quickly have run up against hard state and corporate power. The fact that wokeness only expressed interest in other kinds of class (race, sex, etc) signalled compromise with existing power: give us power within your system and we'll bestow the resource we control — moral rectitude — upon you. As an ideological stalking horse for gaining control over discourse and institutions, this succeeded where a more ambitious revolutionary program would not have. ................ If a political movement had to start with physics students, it could never get off the ground; there would be too few of them, and they wouldn't have the time to spare. ........... The woke sometimes claim that wokeness is simply treating people with respect. But if it were, that would be the only rule you'd have to remember, and this is comically far from being the case. My younger son likes to imitate voices, and at one point when he was about seven I had to explain which accents it was currently safe to imitate publicly and which not. It took about ten minutes, and I still hadn't covered all the cases. .............. In 1986 the Supreme Court ruled that creating a hostile work environment could constitute sex discrimination, which in turn affected universities via Title IX. The court specified that the test of a hostile environment was whether it would bother a reasonable person, but since for a professor merely being the subject of a sexual harassment complaint would be a disaster whether the complainant was reasonable or not, in practice any joke or remark remotely connected with sex was now effectively forbidden. Which meant we'd now come full circle to Victorian codes of behavior, when there was a large class of things that might not be said "with ladies present." ........................ I'm fairly confident that it would be possible to create new social media apps that were less driven by outrage, and an app of this type would have a good chance of stealing users from existing ones, because the smartest people would tend to migrate to it. .............. I have hopes that journalistic neutrality will return in some form. There is some market for unbiased news, and while it may be small, it's valuable. The rich and powerful want to know what's really going on; that's how they became rich and powerful. ............ As the acronym DEI goes out of fashion, many of these bureaucrats will try to go underground by changing their titles. It looks like "belonging" will be a popular option. .......... This is particularly annoying to me as a writer, because the new names are always worse. Any religious observance has to be inconvenient and slightly absurd; otherwise gentiles would do it too. So "slaves" becomes "enslaved individuals." But web search can show us the leading edge of moral growth in real time: if you search for "individuals experiencing slavery" you will as of this writing find five legit attempts to use the phrase, and you'll even find two for "individuals experiencing enslavement." .................. Organizations that do dubious things are particularly concerned with propriety, which is how you end up with absurdities like tobacco and oil companies having higher ESG ratings than Tesla. .................... Elon did something else that tilted Twitter rightward though: he gave more visibility to paying users. Paying users lean right on average, because people on the far left dislike Elon and don't want to give him money. Elon presumably knew this would happen. On the other hand, the people on the far left have only themselves to blame; they could tilt Twitter back to the left tomorrow if they wanted to. ............ a concept of original sin: privilege. Which means unlike Christianity's egalitarian version, people have varying degrees of it. An able-bodied straight white American male is born with such a load of sin that only by the most abject repentance can he be saved. .................. Wokeness also shares something rather funny with many actual versions of Christianity: like God, the people for whose sake wokeness purports to act are often revolted by the things done in their name. ......... I don't want to give the impression that it will be simple to roll back wokeness. There will be places where the fight inevitably gets messy — particularly within universities, which everyone has to share, yet which are are currently the most pervaded by wokeness of any institutions............. You can however get rid of aggressively conventional-minded people within an organization, and in many if not most organizations this would be an excellent idea. Even a handful of them can do a lot of damage. I bet you'd feel a noticeable improvement going from a handful to none.


It feels to me like I might have managed to skip the whole debate. And it has been a raging debate, obviously.

This feels like what Marxists might call a counter-revolution to the Black Lives Matter movement. Except there was no revolution. And this is not exactly a counter-revolution. But that a guy like Paul Graham should be oh so primmed about it, that tells me this defensiveness is no small matter. For the longest time I have thought of Paul Graham as a genuine innovator. He has merit. He was a starving artist. Then he build the iconic tech incubator. Hats off. Except, it seems, it is really, really foundational to him that he is a white male. That collective identity is so, so important to him. He might even be a "liberal" on social values. I once watched a YouTube video of him giving a talk at Stanford, where he made a joke about Sam Altman, which was meant to prove the point that Graham is not homophobic, at all, at all, at all.

One class I took at college taught me about the structure of sexism. One example. The objective data is, men do much of the talking. They suck up the oxygen in the room. But the joke is, you can't get women to close their mouth. This is so pervasive. It is everywhere. It is like social gravity.

You thank gravity. You can walk, you can stand. It is still you walking. But gravity makes it possible. For a lot of white men, structural racism and sexism seems to be that gravity. They can't imagine life without it.

Social justice is not the problem. But you are being too aggressive about it. Women talk too much.

Paul Graham is part of the backlash.

I think Paul Graham wants many, many more people to drop out of college. It would help his business. That seems to be his hidden agenda.



Note: I have been looking for a "definitive" article on wokeness by someone offended by it. Thank you Paul Graham for sharing. And to think this might end up in the pantheons of the tech startup world like many of his other essays. Now THAT is woke. Woke is supposed to mean "enlightened," not in the spiritual sense, but enlighhtened still.